https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/docosapentaenoic-acid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467567/ https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/heart-health/dpa-on-the-rise https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467567/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4162505/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30716358/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21810709/ https://vrshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Bioavailability-of-marine-n-3-fatty-acid-formulations-21.pdf https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-012-0396-3 https://www.vitalstudy.org/findings.html https://www.dougcookrd.com/dpa-the-forgotten-omega-3-fatty-acid/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140610205400.htm https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20655949/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555130/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26097290/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26808265/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404917/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286229/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20434961/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872453/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976923/ 1. http://www.nutritionremarks.com/2012/01/23/omega-3-docosapentaenoic-acid-dpa-what-is-known-3/
Tsuji M, Murota SI, Morita I. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3) suppressed tube-forming activity in endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 May;68(5):337-42.
Pawar A, Jump DB. Unsaturated fatty acid regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity in rat primary hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 19;278(38):35931-9.
Gotoh N, Nagao K, Onoda S, Shirouchi B, Furuya K, Nagai T, et al. Effects of three different highly purified n-3 series highly unsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 25;57(22):11047-54.
** DPA has not been extensively subjected to research due to the limited availability of the pure compound. 2. http://www.issfal.org/2014/satellites/dpa
(From same page: http://www.issfal.org/Book_of_Abstracts_Final_06_13_14.pdf)
Summary/Highlights: Several large studies have demonstrated that blood levels of DPA are independently and positively correlate with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease to the same or greater extent than EPA and DHA. Additionally, studies on purified DPA in animal and cell cultures showed that DPA has potential to improve various aspects of human health.
Eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic omega-3 and docosahexaenoic acids decrease macrophage prostaglandin E2 and inflammatory cytokine production. Pepper-Yowell A.R., Wang S., Byelashov O.A., Sellers M.D., Harris T.L., Ballou M.A
The distribution of DPA in blood and tissue lipids and its potential as a wellness biomarker. Bibus D. Lipid Technologies, LLC and the University of Minnesota.
The bioavailability of DPA vs EPA–a short term study. Fard S.G., Turchini G., Paul Lewandowski P., Sinclair A.J. Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. 3. http://jymsupplementscience.com/dpa-the-other-critical-omega-3/ Additional findings: 1. http://omegaprotein.com/growing-interest-in-a-forgotten-long-chain-omega-3/ 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21807486 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650956 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8832760 5. https://aemforms.informaexhibitions.com/content/dam/Informa/content-pillar/insider/infographics/73378_INS06_OmegaLevel&Coronary_s.pdf 6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782710000354
Summary/Highlights: In addition, there is evidence that n-3 DPA possesses 10-fold greater endothelial cell migration ability than EPA, which is important in wound-healing processes. An in vivo study has reported that n-3 DPA reduces the fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme activity levels in n-3 DPA-supplemented mice and these effects were stronger than the EPA-supplemented mice.
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Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(6):510–522 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00986-0 Kelly L, Grehan B, Chiesa AD, et al. : The polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DPA exert a protective effect in the hippocampus of the aged rat. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32(12):2318.e1–2318.e15 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.001 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591893 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548432/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196972 Mori, T.A., et al., Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999. 70(5): p. 817-25. Thorsdottir, I., et al., Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. 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